Liquidity and solvency are conditional for banks' existence, They are endangered during banking crises. Since the banking crises of the National Banking Era in the USA are no exceptions, the question remains whether the fondation of the Federal Reserve System offered an adequate solution to the...

Liquidity and solvency are conditional for banks' existence. They are endangered during banking crises. Since the banking crises of the National Banking Era in the USA are no exceptions, the question remains whether the foundation of the Federal Reserve System offered an adequate solution to the...

Despite its overwhelming success in practice, a theoretical and conceptual valuation of the balanced scorecard is still in the very beginning. The paper presents the shareholder value concept, the stakeholder concept and the systems theory as theoretical and conceptual foundations for designing...