This paper analyzes the economic effects of different income splitting rules for closely held corporations and sole … proprietorships/partnerships in a tax system with a dual income tax. We conclude that the tax rules for closed corporations offer … for sole proprietorships/partnerships, because the income-splitting rules both neutralize the impact of the high labor …

Under the Nordic dual income tax system, the taxpayer's total tax bill depends not only on his total income but also on … the division of that income between capital income and labor income. This has created new room for tax avoidance …, especially for active owners of (closed) corporations. For that reason the Nordic governments have enacted special income …