microdata. We find that invention and manufacturing developed similarly in cities closer to and farther from universities in the …

adherence is systematically higher along the pre-Islamic trade routes. We discuss the possible mechanisms that may give rise to … and proximity to lucrative trade routes. We argue that these elements exacerbated inequalities across diverse tribal … societies producing a conflictual environment that had the potential to disrupt trade flows. Any credible movement attempting to …

related to these concerns and aspirations. However, servicification and particularly its role in trade policy have received …, historic policymaking divides between trade in manufactures and services, between export and import interests, and among modes …

international trade and automation technologies, suggests that both forces contributed in roughly equal parts to this development. …

possible growth-equity trade-offs. …

for infrastructure. This triggered an increase in domestic demand, reinforced by strongly rising terms of trade under …