Lalive, Rafael; Schmutzler, Armin; Zulehner, Christine - 2015
Public agencies mainly rely on two modes to procure goods and services: auctions and direct negotiations. We study a … 1994 policy change in Germany that introduced the possibility to procure rail services in auctions as well as in direct …, auctions improve service levels and reduce prices. As a result, surplus on auctioned lines increased by about 30 …