. Parenthood imposes a greater mental health burden on mothers than on fathers. It creates a long-run gender gap in antidepressant …. Supporting this interpretation, matched adoptive mothers (who do not experience the biological impacts of childbirth) also … encounter substantial parenthood penalties. Moreover, mothers who invest more in childcare (by taking extended maternity leave …

provided by mothers (or formal institutions) is superior to informal care-arrangements. …

This paper studies effects of education policy on early fertility. We study a major educational reform in Sweden in … statistically significant effect on men's fertility decisions. Our results suggest that the social benefits of changes in education …

their opportunity cost of childbearing, could successfully reduce the fertility rate disparity related to mothers' education …In this paper, I assess whether earnings-dependent maternity leave positively impacts fertility and narrows the baby … a differences-in-differences design, I estimate the causal impact of the reform on fertility for up to 5 years. In …

This paper examines the time profile of the effect of fertility on female labour earnings with respect to time since … birth. To address endogeneity of fertility to labour income, we use the same-sex instrument (Angrist and Evans, 1998) in a … novel way on a panel data set to uncover the time profile of the fertility effect. Our OLS estimates suggest that the …

instrument is supported by a host of validity tests. This strategy also enables us to predict mothers' abilities. Our results …

intermediate outcomes such as mothers' subsequent earnÿ­ings, child health, parental fertility, divorce rates, or the mothers …-educated mothers, a result that is robust to a number of different specifications. We find no corresponding heterogeneity relative to …' mental health. Overall the results suggest positive causal interaction effects between mothers' education and the amount of …

has remained fairly constant. In this paper we re-evaluate the labour supply responses of both mothers and fathers to … reflect actual time off from work in a system where job-protection exceeds paid leave. We find that both mothers and fathers …