Rubins Modell zur Analyse kausaler Abhängigkeiten gewinnt in den vergangenen Jahren verstärkte Aufmerksamkeit in der Statistik. Dies ist nicht zuletzt auf die Verwendung von Graphen zur Beschreibung komplexer Abhängigkeitsstrukturen zurückzuführen. J.Pearl und P.Sprites u.a. haben kausale...

For a Cournot duopoly with a foreign firm exporting to the home firm's market hedging against unfavorable shifts in the stochastic spot exchange rate is analyzed. In a two-stage setting with product market and hedging decisions we show that hedging can be used as a strategic device. Under...

For a causal interpretation of an observed association between an ordered pair of variables (X,Y) one has to assure that the association is not generated by a set of other variables T that influence both, X and Y. The term confounding is used to describe the phenomenon when an association is...