During the early 1980s I estimated a highly disaggregated matrix of technology flows from U.S. industries that performed research and development (R&D) to industries expected to use the R&D outcomes. The results, extended to analyze how technology flows affected productivity growth in the 1960s...

This paper revisits the question of whether global welfare is higher under a uniform world-wide system of pharmaceutical product patents or with international rules allowing low-income nations to free-ride on the discoveries of firms in rich nations. Key variables include the extent to which...