Whenever the European Union's budget is discussed, much of the political focus is on net balances - whether countries pay in more than they receive - rather than on the broader overall positive effects of EU spending. Thelargest net contributor countries have sought to limit their...

The "Brexit bill" is an expected payment to be made by the United Kingdom that would settle its financial commitments when it leaves the European Union.While authors of this Working Paper consider the financial settlement the least important economic issue in the Brexit negotiations, a...

The transition from cars powered by the internal combustion engine to vehicles powered by electric batteries implies a fundamental shift in the types of skills required by the automotive industry. However, the industry faces significant problems in finding suitable workers. Surveys show that the...

The European Union's new fiscal framework aims to incentivise public investment and reforms by offering the option to extend the four-year fiscal adjustment period to seven years, thereby lowering the average annual fiscal adjustment requirement. Investments and reforms proposed by EU countries...