framework where punishment ("stick") and rewarding ("carrot") options are available, here we show analytically that the presence … of cooperators who don't punish in the population makes altruistic punishment evolutionarily weak. We show that … cooperation breaks down and strong reciprocity is maladaptive if costly punishment means "punishing defectors" and, even more so …

on the literature on human capital and crime engagement and use the framework of Banerjee (1993) that assumes that the … information needed to engage in crime arrives in the form of a rumor and that individuals update their beliefs about the … profitability of crime relative to education. These assumptions allow us to study the effect of social interactions on crime. We …