information before, during, and after the 2020 economic crisis. Updating the PMT data does not improve social welfare relative to … increases social welfare. A dynamic method that uses data on shocks to estimate a variable component of income reduces exclusion … errors and limits the expansion in coverage, increasing social welfare during the economic crisis. We consider these …

living in poverty. Households with a beneficiary increased their level of consumption by 44 percent. The program improved …

beneficiary population by studying the Pension 65 program in Peru, which uses a poverty eligibility threshold. We find that the …

that keep them from reducing poverty and inequality. To perform this assessment, we analyze three dimensions of size …: conditional cash transfers, non-contributory pensions, and other transfers. We use an international poverty line of 6.85 dollars … PPP per day (similar to the average national poverty line of upper middle-income countries) and adjust survey weights to …