Public sector enterprises (PSEs) have been one of the key drivers of economic development in several countries, including India. While many countries have gradually moved away from the PSE model of growth, in the year 2019, around 25 percent of the Fortune Global 500 companies were PSEs. As...

India's graduation from the ranks of low-income countries, making it ineligible under the WTO rules to grant export subsidies on manufactures has thrown up a new policy challenge. In this context, this paper argues for the government to rethink its export incentives programme altogether and take...

Faced with the energy transition imperative, governments have to decide about public policy to promote renewable electrical energy production and to protect domestic power generation equipment industries. For example, the Canada - Renewable energy dispute is over Feed-in tariff (FIT) programs in...

Industrial policy has long been criticized as subject to protectionist interests; accordingly, subsidies to domestic producers face disciplines under World Trade Organization agreements, without exceptions for environmental purposes. Now green industrial policy is gaining popularity as...

As the Chinese economy continues to decelerate, the central government is investing heavily in innovation, doubling down on research and development (R&D) spending and STEM-oriented human capital. In this paper, we assess China's progress so far, looking at the inputs to innovation (R&D and...

In using the removal of Section 232 'national security' tariffs on steel and aluminium imports as a bargaining chip, the United States demands that the European Union engage in negotiations on "global steel and aluminium arrangements to restore market-oriented conditions and address carbon...