with school system resources. The model is rich, yet sufficiently stylized to provide novel implications. It can show, for … example, that an improvement in parental outside options will reduce parental and school effort, which are partially … compensated through school resources. In this way, by incorporating the behavioral responses of parents, teachers and policymakers …

accountability system's ranking of schools based on performance measures, and of a unique school level expenditure data set, to make … causal estimates of the effect of being ranked as "low-performing" on school spending decisions. The results indicate that …