in the severity of judicial punishment imposed on Colombian adolescents, crime rates in Colombian municipalities … influence adolescents’ decisions in crime participation and school attendance. The study finds that, after an exogenous decrease …

punishment at age 18, mandated by law, has a deterrent effect on arrests. No deterrent effect was found on index, violent or …

framework where punishment ("stick") and rewarding ("carrot") options are available, here we show analytically that the presence … of cooperators who don't punish in the population makes altruistic punishment evolutionarily weak. We show that … cooperation breaks down and strong reciprocity is maladaptive if costly punishment means "punishing defectors" and, even more so …