), the ‘quality’ of such integration in terms of technological capabilities and the structure of employment in European … countries and sectors. We study employment shares in fabrication and headquarter occupations in terms of functional … specialisation and employment upgrading, making two specific contributions. First, we explicitly account for pre-existing asymmetries …

Spain provides an extreme case of unemployment rate oscillations (8.3% in 2007, 26.1% in 2013, 19.6% in 2016) in … such groups of regions react differently to key drivers of employment and wage setting. We find that the low income (high … turn, the high income (low employment) ones are more sensitive to the wage-productivity gap, and thus to the strategy that …