In the context of interwar Poland, we find that Jews tended to be more literate than non-Jews, but show that this … finding is driven by a composition effect. In particular, most Jews lived in cities and most non-Jews lived in rural areas …

The Covid‑19 pandemic has disproportionately affected women, threatening to reverse progress towards gender equality …. It has made the need to address long‑standing structural disadvantages affecting women even more evident and pressing …, including the fact that women continue to perform a greater share of unpaid care work. This paper argues that the Work …