The "Brexit bill" is an expected payment to be made by the United Kingdom that would settle its financial commitments when it leaves the European Union.While authors of this Working Paper consider the financial settlement the least important economic issue in the Brexit negotiations, a...

Multinational production has become increasingly important in recent decades. Countries resort to different industrial policies to influence the geography of this production. In this paper, we focus on a ubiquitous “soft” industrial policy that aims at reducing information barriers -...

As the Chinese economy continues to decelerate, the central government is investing heavily in innovation, doubling down on research and development (R&D) spending and STEM-oriented human capital. In this paper, we assess China's progress so far, looking at the inputs to innovation (R&D and...

In using the removal of Section 232 'national security' tariffs on steel and aluminium imports as a bargaining chip, the United States demands that the European Union engage in negotiations on "global steel and aluminium arrangements to restore market-oriented conditions and address carbon...

The transition from cars powered by the internal combustion engine to vehicles powered by electric batteries implies a fundamental shift in the types of skills required by the automotive industry. However, the industry faces significant problems in finding suitable workers. Surveys show that the...

China is often credited with a successful application of industrial policy. One important particularity of China's industrial policy is that it aims at levelling the playing field between the state economy and the private economy in access to finance, yet within a framework of strategic goals....