The Belt and Road initiative, recently embarked on by China, aims to improve cross-border infrastructure in order to … reduce transportation costs across a massive geographical area between China and Europe. The authors estimate how much trade … true for eastern Europe and Central Asia and, to a lesser extent, south-east Asia. In contrast, if China were to seek to …

With rapid industrial upgrading along the global value chain of manufactured goods, China has transformed, within one … the world. This article identifies the pattern of China's industrial upgrading and compares it with those of other … successfully industrialized economies and the failed ones. We find that (i) China (since 1978) followed essentially the same path …

This paper reviews the steps that China has taken towards financial reform with a particular focus on capital account …, China's debt has doubled, reaching levels that are clearly above those of most emerging markets. This increases the risks … embedded in financial reform and, in particular, capital account liberalisation. At this juncture, however, China has no option …

China is both a major trading partner of the United States and the largest official holder of U.S. assets in the world … article explains the reasons for this large decline in official assets, what China's policy choices are, and how these choices …

peers, China and Brazil, to learn from their respective paths and experiences in similar regard. The paper concludes by …