. This paper shifts the focus to task-based motivation and finds that it yields significantly more effort than mission …-based motivation. Moreover, in the presence of significant task motivation, mission motivation has no additional effect on effort. The … three tasks, from boring to interesting. In addition, for half of the students, mission motivation is present: their effort …

identities to understand how group identification and socialization affect ingroup favoritism and out-group discrimination. The …

cumulative learning between the first and the nth attempt while controlling for selection into retaking in terms of observed and …