Many international treaties come into force only after a minimum number of countries have signed and ratified the … international treaty? This question is particularly relevant in the case of environmental treaties dealing with global commons … minimum participation constraint, forms at the equilibrium. This paper thus explains why in international negotiations all …

-permanent) membership on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) on the subnational distribution of World Bank aid. Specifically, we …, receive a greater number of aid projects during UNSC membership years. Moreover, a leader's co-ethnic regions (but not birth … regions) receive significantly more World Bank projects and loan commitments during UNSC membership years compared to other …