Fossil fuel subsidies reform has been intensively debated and promoted as a concrete step towards sustainable … social and distributional gains of the energy subsidies reform. The research follows a comparative analysis approach. Three …: Ghana, Indonesia and Iran. We examine in each case the distributional effects of subsidy removal, the design and …

The preferential trade agreement between the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and Iran on mutual trade entered into force … EAEU's exports to Iran. On aggregate, the total gains in mutual trade are estimated to reach almost USD 46 million, with … exports from the EAEU to Iran expected to increase by 9.7%, compared with a rise in exports from Iran to the EAEU of up to 4 …

EU has been implementing general sanctions against the whole economy of Iran, affecting their trade relations. Since 2007 … distributed lag (NARDL), this paper investigates the impact of general and targeted EU sanctions against Iran on quarterly … bilateral trade values between the 19 members of the euro area (EA19) and Iran between the first quarter of 1999 and the fourth …

Iran is the perennial "elephant in the room" of international gas trade. The country could well become, one day, a … of geopolitical and commercial reasons. Iran owns the first largest proven gas reserves in the world, but since 1997 it … will be widely discussed in the paper. However, the main cause of the current under-exploitation of Iran's gas resources is …

of wealth production in such countries. On this assumption, countries with huge oil reserves including Iran, should not … examine the dependence of Iran’s economic systems (as one of the major exporters of petroleum products) on oil revenues, the … and redefine the issue. Thus, in addition to an overview of Iran’s unique geographical and demographic features and a …

Until 2012, the Central Bank of Iran (CBI) used its policy rate to stabilise the rial's exchange rate and, given a … Iran intensified and the value of the rial halved against the US dollar. Since then Iran has followed a dual interest rate … the exchange rate regime, this paper investigates the impact of the real exchange rate on the trade balance in Iran over …