also use the 1991 distribution of immigrants by nationality across European labor markets to construct a version of the … enclave-based instrument to proxy for the flow of immigrants, that is exogenous to local demand shocks. We find that native … Europeans are more likely to upgrade to more skilled and better paid occupations, when a larger number of immigrants enter their …

immigrants. When adding literacy skills to the wage decomposition, the discriminatory part vanishes completely, suggesting that … statistically insignificant. The importance of literacy skills in explaining wage differences between natives and immigrants is …This paper analyzes wage differences between natives and immigrants in Austria. First, we show that for both groups …

effect of the inflows of immigrants on their career, employment and wages. We use the 1991 distribution of immigrants by … associated with higher skills and status when a larger number of immigrants enter their labor market. As a consequence of this …

This paper analyzes the effect of educational mismatch on wages, using a rich panel dataset of workers in the major …, we find that the wages of people aged under 35 basically depend on the level of education attained, while those of … the depreciation of skills on human capital. The main policy implication of the paper is that overeducation constitutes a …