effect of relative functional specialisation on wages and non-wage working conditions. In line with the GVC literature … functional specialisation patterns on wages in EU member states at the industry level across time. While relative functional … specialisation in fabrication tends to hold back wages, functional specialisation in R&D has a positive effect on wage progression …

or energy efficiency, the role of gas in this process has never been clearly defined. This uncertainty opens a wide … debate on the future role of gas in the EU energy system, particularly vis-à-vis the progressively stronger role of … renewables in the EU energy mix. This paper tackles this issue with the aim to explore what role gas might play in making the EU …

the country. On this basis, the paper illustrates Turkey's energy matrix, an analysis that outlines the rising role of gas …'s potential role as regional gas hub) points of view. Finally, these issues are discussed with the aim of assessing the prospects … for Turkey to turn gas into a geopolitical and economic asset for the country. …

such as Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (GARCH), Generalized Autoregressive Score (GAS), and … inclusion of exogenous variables is beneficial for GARCH-type models while offering only a marginal improvement for GAS and SV …-type models. Notably, GAS-family models exhibit superior performance in terms of in-sample fit, out-of-sample forecast accuracy …