also improved the health of newborns of affected new mothers and reduced the likelihood of miscarriages. …

exposure to violence during the first trimester of pregnancy leads to a small but precisely estimated increase in the risk of …, where violence is endemic and are particularly pronounced among children of poorly educated mothers, implying that violence …

seems to affect fetal growth, because infants born to mothers exposed to earth tremors in early and/or mid gestation are … more likely to be large for gestational age. The estimates suggest that relatively poorer Chilean mothers are more … evidence that suggests a possible mechanism that explains the varying results across socioeconomic status. Mothers with …