large share of the difference in performance. We also show that accounting for performance has important consequences for …

Women remain underrepresented at the upper echelons. An aversion to competition has been suggested as a factor that …

unique aspect of this survey is it collected management data from the CEO, a random sample of senior managers and workers. We … poorly managed firms. This distribution of management scores is similar for CEOs, senior managers and workers management, and …, we find that the CEO's management scores are the most predictive of firm performance, followed by the senior managers and …