, the type of activities involved, and the level of underlying innovation in the selected value chain. The paper describes …

that only export abroad. Second, firms that engage in final goods off-shoring are more productive than firms that engage in … inputs off-shoring. Third, in terms of the productivity dynamics over the period 1998-2003, exporters' performance in Italy …

causes a relocation of R&D activities if intrafirm communication is sufficiently well developed, external spillovers are … substantial, competition is not too strong and foreign markets are not too small. Second, such a relocation of R&D activities will … knowledge generated and obtained abroad flows back to the domestic country. Third, the potential of R&D offshoring makes FDI …