1980. Over the period 1955-1980 an expansionary spending or revenue shock was associated with modestly higher stock prices …. After 1980, along with a decline in the fiscal multiplier, the response of stock prices to the same shock became negative …

find that an adverse oil supply shock has a negative effect on stock prices when oil inflation is low. In contrast, this … rates encourage firms to get highly leveraged. A negative oil shock in this scenario leads to a substantial increase in … shock, ameliorating the impact on the stock market. …

-robust approach is proposed to construct estimation and inference. Thirdly, this paper suggests a procedure to derive theory … the FEVD tend to remove unreasonable implications, increase estimation precision, sharpen and also alter the inference of …