This paper estimates the effect of childcare availability on parents' employment probability using the timing of death … mechanisms. Through their impact on childcare availability, grandmothers' deaths reduce mothers' employment rate by 12 percentage … points (27 percent) and do not affect fathers' employment rate. The negative effect on mothers' employment is smaller where …

empirically investigate the dynamics and drivers of gender gaps in employment rates, wages and workhours during the pandemic … experienced a major decline in their employment rate and workhours, as well as gender segregation in the most affected industries …, but rather short-term fluctuations. However, labour market penalties for women with young children and women employed in …

focus is on child care for children aged 0-3, because this is a critical period for working mothers and their children and …This paper discusses several approaches to examining the relationship between child care and mothers' labor supply. The … because most European and American households with children aged 3-5 already use child care centers. The paper provides data …

This paper evaluates the impacts of a public program that introduced access to part-time childcare centers for children … children's and parental outcomes. Our identification strategy exploits the original randomization and the distance to the … percentage points on mothers' work participation. Our results are robust to different econometric specifications. We also find …

We study the determinants of math achievement among children in early elementary school using data from a unique … experiment in which children were randomly assigned to classrooms within schools for four consecutive grades. As a result, each … there are steep socioeconomic gradients and a substantial boy-girl gap in math test scores. However, among children of …