Moment estimator. We show that knowledge transfer through patent duplication increases with the level of IPR protection, but … debated policy tools, as IPR protection addresses knowledge market failure, while EPs respond to pressing local and global … of the receiving country. We test the empirical implications of our model using patent data in renewable and fossil …

We derive a theory-based gravity-type equation that determines the main drivers of international technology diffusion …

technical change framework. Unilateral policies alter the structure of production and thereby innovation incentives across … countries. Whenever feasible, optimal policies implement sustainable growth by directing global innovation to the nonpolluting … sector. If nonparticipants drive global innovation, this requires policies relocating clean production to nonparticipants. A …

We study the effect of the fragmentation of intellectual property rights on optimal patent design. The major finding is … requirements should be stronger than in the case of stand-alone innovation. This reduces the fragmentation of intellectual property …, which is socially costly. However, to preserve the incentives to innovate, if a patent is granted the strength of protection …

empirical analysis of patent and energy data. Our contribution is fivefold. First, our model shows that under very general … assumptions information about energy expenditures, knowledge spillovers and the parameters governing the R&D process are …