outcomes between richer and poorer students who leave school with good attainment levels. From a set of policies aimed at … targets the supply side by enforcing universities to give preferential admission to poorer students who graduate near the top … of their secondary school class. This policy would substantially narrow earnings gaps between richer and poorer students …

Until the 1990s Kenya had a selective state-financed university system where students bore few educational costs. This … limited the number of university students that the government could afford to educate and created fierce competition for … programmes. By the late 2000s self-financed students accounted for roughly half of university admissions. Consequently …

the frame of availability (number and distribution of places), accessibility (ability of prospective students to take up … to horizontality on account of the preponderance of disadvantaged students in lower quality for-profit institutions, in …