Nach Jahren der politischen Auseinandersetzung einigten sich 2018 Europäisches Parlament (EP) und Europäischer Rat auf eine Novellierung der Entsenderichtlinie von 1996. Angesichts der grundlegenden Interessendifferenzen beim Thema Arbeitnehmerentsendung muss dieses Ereignis speziell vor dem...

This study examines the development and implementation of judicial strategies by the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) over the last fifteen years. Firstly, the author shows that this strategy was born in the wake of the Viking and Laval cases, with the aim of using the standards and...

This paper describes the evolution of collective bargaining coverage in European countries during 2002-2018 and links it to changes in the evolution of the pay premia received by workers covered by collective bargaining. It uses evidence from the European Structure of Earnings Survey (ESES) to...

The vast majority of firms in Europe are micro firms. Still, we know little about their financing patterns. Our paper aims to close this gap. Based on a large European firm-level data set, we find that micro firms differ in their financing patterns from small and medium-sized companies. Our...

This EIF Working Paper takes a holistic approach to investigate SME financing patterns in Europe by performing a cluster analysis including 12,726 SMEs in 28 European countries. The results reveal that SME financing in Europe is not homogenous but that different financing patterns exist. The...

The European Union has set ambitious targets for emission reduction and the penetration of renewable energy, including the electricity generation sector as one of the major emitters of CO2. After a period of subsidy-driven investments, the costs of renewables decreased strongly making...

The rise of populist radical right parties represents one of the most dramatic shifts in European party systems of the past decades. Although it has been established that the populist radical right's core appeal centers around issues of immigration and multiculturalism rather than economic...

An important segment of labour regulations concerns the protection aspects of social security. These regulations provide safety nets or fall back mechanisms to enable workers to cope with crises that affect households from time to time, such as illness, employment injury, death or old age. This...