Following the first oil crisis, France launched the world’s largest ever nuclear energy program, commissioning 58 new … reactors. These reactors are now reaching 40 years of age, the end of their technological lifetime. This places France at an … optimization model, calibrated for France. Then we use it to study 27 retrofit strategies for all combinations of uncertain …

Based on a dataset of manufacturing sectors from five major European economies (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the … economic research, have a positive impact on the likelihood of collusion. Each feature is proxied by an "Antitrust Risk … collusion risk are those that tend to score high in most of the ARIs: Tobacco, Pharmaceuticals, Beverages, Chemicals. The 4 …

, Germany's exports are less vulnerable to price increases, while exports from France and Italy respond strongly to price …What explains Germany's superb export performance? Is Germany's export behaviour very distinct compared to other …-wage countries reduces costs allowing exporters to compete on price. Second, we find that Germany is the leading quality exporter in …