, patronage benefits accrue to the legislature and public employees. When institutions fragment patronage powers and challengers …

This paper explores the link between Brazil's political institutions and its disappointing productivity and growth in … recent decades. Although political institutions provide the president with incentives and the instruments to pursue monetary … and cuts in unprotected expenditures, which put a drag on productivity and growth. In a context of robust checks and …

, the public mechanical clock, on long-run growth in Europe. We avoid endogeneity by considering the relationship between … significant increase in growth rates between 1500 and 1700 in the range of 30 percentage points in early adopter cities and areas …

We test several hypotheses concerning the growth of public expenditure by the Austrian monarchy between 1870 and 1913 …

In many cases consumers cannot observe firms' investment in quality or safety, but have only beliefs on the average … quality of the industry. In addition, the outcome of the collective investment game of the firms may be stochastic since firms … consumers' subjective perceptions of the industry level of quality matter, the regulator may make information available to firms …

the effect of connecting a household to the grid and the quality of electricity, defined as hours of daily supply. The … quality of electricity (in terms of fewer outages and more hours per day) increases non-agricultural incomes by about 28 …