even developed in both firms and markets. -- Ideas ; Innovation ; Entrepreneurship ; Firm Organization ; Start-Ups …

the introduction of the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980 in the US. The Act allowed universities to retain patent rights over …

patent data of seven auto component sector firms from Germany with a documented history of contributing cost … potentials of open global innovation networks are under-utilized. Furthermore, the study shows that frugality can (only) be …

of the receiving country. We test the empirical implications of our model using patent data in renewable and fossil … Moment estimator. We show that knowledge transfer through patent duplication increases with the level of IPR protection, but … more sensitive to uncertainty. Commitment to EPs also increases the incentives for patent duplication. The magnitude of the …

lobbying on energy innovation and finds that they significantly affect the incentives to innovate and create cleaner energy …

We study the effect of the fragmentation of intellectual property rights on optimal patent design. The major finding is … requirements should be stronger than in the case of stand-alone innovation. This reduces the fragmentation of intellectual property …, which is socially costly. However, to preserve the incentives to innovate, if a patent is granted the strength of protection …