The challenge of public administration reform is well-known: politicians often have little interest in the efficient … research uses evidence from a small group of countries to conclude that clientelistic politicians resist reforms that restrict … second mechanism through which non-programmatic parties undermine public sector reform: clientelistic politicians have weaker …

candidates vs proportional system with open list of candidates - on the quality of politicians. The exogenous variation in the … implement a Difference-in- Differences approach to compare the change in politicians' quality (as their education level) across … the treatment group (the Parliamentarians) and the control group (the regional councillors) of politicians before and …