. Calibrating the model to the US Covid-19 pandemic reveals an 80% reduction in death toll due to voluntary actions and the lockdown … implemented in the United States. The optimal lockdown, however, is more stringent than what was implemented in the United States … underscore the importance of testing, showing its impact on reduced deaths, lower economic costs and laxer lockdown. We use the …

econometric models to estimate the effect of Bogotás lockdown on fine particulate pollution, epidemiological models to simulate … lockdown cut fine particulate pollution by more than one-fifth. However, the magnitude of that effect varied considerably over …. Finally, we estimate that in 2020-2021, the lockdown reduced short-term deaths by 31 percent, a benefit valued at $180 million. …

did not impose a lockdown, we construct counterfactuals for what would have happened if it had imposed a lockdown, using a …, we find that a lockdown would have had sizable effects already after a week. The 3–4 weeks delay highlighted in previous …