that hedging effectiveness is much higher when the seasonal pattern in spot price changes is approximated with lagged … values of the basis (futures price minus spot price). This fact remain true for short (a week) and long (one, three and six … months) hedging periods. Furthermore, volatility of weekly price changes also has a seasonal pattern and is higher in winter …

Moscow's revenues and hinder its war effort. Thus, the European ministers agreed to trigger a cap on the gas price. To detect … the importance of the price cap for gas, we provide a mixture representation for the gas price to detect the presence of … autoregressive (VAR) model. As a result, including a lower gas price cap smooths the impact of a gas shock on electricity prices …

find that, with strategic action on the deposit markets, deposit policies are inefficient due to price manipulations within …

energy types. This paper discusses the evolution of price reforms for coal, petroleum products, natural gas and electricity … in China, provides some analysis of these energy price reforms, and suggests few areas of reforms could take place in …