Increasing the realism with respect to the representation of actors, decision-making, and institutions is critical to better understand the transition towards a low-carbon sustainable society since actors, decision-making, and institutions are the defining elements of transition pathways. In...

Institutional Fragmentation and Urbanisation in the EU Cities This article examines the relationship between institutional fragmentation and the spatial extent of cities in Europe's Functional Urban Areas. European Union planning regulations vary across member states, but in most cases, local...