reward for the federal incumbent in local elections. Alternative explanations are examined, and it is shown that the effect … municipalities, being stronger where the mayor faced more contestable elections, in capital cities of the states and in predominantly … urban, more educated and relatively wealthier municipalities. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that politicians …

political agency model where politicians seek re-election and where voters assess female and male politicians' actions … paper uncovers the role of electoral incentives. Using a close election regression discontinuity design in Brazil, we first … elections. We find that having a female mayor led to more deaths per capita at the beginning of the pandemic - a period …

mayoral candidates just prior to municipal elections. It left voters more knowledgeable about candidates' proposed policies …

hit broad segments of the population. Moreover, these policies are often implemented when politicians have no choice but …

eligible voters. To identify the effects the paper exploits variation in field survey dates relative to election dates, given …