exploitation of knowledge as an input across the hierarchy and the associated communication costs. We relate these metrics to host …

Many environmental-policy problems are characterized by complexity and uncertainty. Government's choice concerning … these policies commonly relies on information provided by a bureaucracy. Environmental bureaucrats often have a political … derive the government's optimal contract, which conditions policy and rewards on reported environmental effects. We find that …

control other government branches, merit becomes more incentive-compatible: it enables executives to deprive challengers of … institutionally designed thus shapes their reform prospects: fragmented control over bad government can incentivize good government …

implementation of government policy. Using new data from 439 World Bank public sector reform loans in 109 countries, we demonstrate …