This paper tackles the "pollution haven" argument by estimating the pollution content of imports (PCI). The PCI is then …) a factor endowment component and (iii) a "pollution haven" component reflecting the impact of differences in … ISIC 4-digit sectors. Decompositions based on cross-section econometric estimates suggest a significant pollution haven …

local pollutant. Governments use environmental policies, i.e., an emissions standard or a tax, to control pollution and for … demand, the cost of abatement and the damage caused from pollution. Under these modes of uncertainty we derive sufficient … Policy ; Pollution ; Choice of Policy Instrument ; Uncertainty …

proxy of environmental policy stringency we use pollution abatement and control expenditures (PACE), which represent one of … appears to be unaffected by the degree of pollution control and abatement efforts. …