"Much of Africa has not yet gone through a "demographic transition" to reduced mortality and fertility rates. The fact … that the continent's countries remain mired in a Malthusian crisis of high mortality, high fertility, and rapid population … women, pro-natalist policies, poverty itself, and social institutions. There remains, however, a large degree of uncertainty …

) suggested that hepatitis B could explain a large share { approximately 50% { of Asia's \missing women". Subsequent work has …