China and America's other trading partners manipulate their exchange rates, and (b) the nature of the Chinese exchange rate … bilateral deficit, though other variables also turn out to be quite important. On the issue of China's de facto exchange rate …

competitive devaluations. The sheer size of China, and its lower sterilization costs suggests that China may be the winner of a … and precautionary motives in the context of China may be challenged by a version of the "peso problem." Hoarding …