order to incentivize pension savings and increase the fairness of the retirement system. Using administrative tax micro … of contributions). The reform was not effective at mitigating the regressive impact of the retirement system because the … number of individuals contributing to retirement funds increased relatively more for top earners, and it has also exacerbated …

The study focuses on the period 2004-09 during which Egypt experienced food crisis. The political economy context on …, agricultural, and economic policies in Egypt together with the structural aspects of the food subsidy policies are discussed and … crisis ; Egypt …

and decline in the size of the middle class since 2005 indicates that the growth process in Egypt was anti-poor and anti …. Applying our measure to Egyptian household budget surveys, we estimate the population size of the middle class in Egypt and …

for Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia. We find growing trends of vulnerable employment, particularly for youth cohorts … pushed to accept informal sector jobs that are insecure, unsafe, and lack non-wage benefits. Precarious employment is … pervasive among lower socioeconomic groups, leading to the perpetuation of misery across generations. Understanding employment …

methods to Egypt in 2013. Recentered Influence Function (RIF) regressions focusing on the poor correspond to the most …

informal employment in the context of low- and middle-income countries. This paper contributes to this scant literature by … a salaried job in rural areas by about 8 percentage points, which denotes a shift from formal to informal employment. …

Employment in Vietnam and elsewhere in Asia has grown more slowly than GDP over the last several decades. This means … the Vietnamese development experience. We find that while some of the difference between GDP and employment growth can be …

employment opportunities for unskilled African labourers. Youth residing in mining settlements, have a large vested interest in … school students towards mining as a form of employment and its impact on economic and social life in mining communities are …