contract - to those of its neighbours in Southern Africa. It is the result of the specific character of poverty in Botswana and …Botswana's welfare state is both a parsimonious laggard in comparison with some other middle-income countries in Africa … the enduring, but not unchallenged, political dominance of the conservatively paternalist Botswana Democratic Party. …

case studies the two African countries, Botswana and Nigeria.Using distributed-lag analysis, the paper finds that the … supportive of the 'resource curse' hypothesis for Nigeria, but not for Botswana.I further argue that the superior institutional … quality in Botswana, relative to Nigeria, is likely responsible for the contrasting results. However, Nigeria appears to be …

, there are opportunities for reducing pollution, alleviating poverty, improving the urban environment, and lowering … generate significant pollution problems and risks to human health and the environment. Over one billion people living in low …

household poverty. Results indicate that there are economic incentives to convert unused lands to sugarcane-ethanol production … involve smallholders in feedstock production in order to reduce rural poverty, especially since our results indicate that … biofuel strategy for Tanzania by limiting potential poverty reduction. Unlike previous studies, our integrated assessment …

improvements in almost all labour market indicators and consequent reductions in poverty rates. Across countries, economic growth … reductions in poverty were strongly related to improvements in earnings and employment indicators. Although the 2008 crisis …

been strong, yet poverty remains high. Underlying the shortage of good livelihoods and high social inequality is the lack …

indicators that were not affected negatively by the economic crisis were labour earnings, the poverty indices, and household per …

, the percentage of registered workers, and labour earnings increased; and all poverty and inequality indicators decreased …