. Applying our measure to Egyptian household budget surveys, we estimate the population size of the middle class in Egypt and … people at the lower end of income distribution will graduate into the middle class category. The increase in poverty rates … and decline in the size of the middle class since 2005 indicates that the growth process in Egypt was anti-poor and anti …

Social programmes for poverty alleviation involve eligibility rules and transfer rules that often proxy-means tests. We … propose to specify the estimator in connection with the poverty alleviation problem. Three distinct stages emerge from the …-values of living standards plugged into the poverty minimization programme to obtain the transfer amounts. We apply these …

empowerment and well-being i.e., from a gender perspective. The paper provides the ILO's perspectives on gender dimensions of …

Revisiting foundational feminist work on the concept of empowerment from the 1980s and 1990s, this paper draws on the … findings of a multi-country research programme, 'Pathways of Women's Empowerment', to explore pathways of positive change in … women's empowerment in development, tracing some key ideas that have shaped feminist engagement with empowerment in theory …

The business rights pillar of the Legal Empowerment of the Poor agenda is not preoccupied with equality of outcome; it …

The study focuses on the period 2004-09 during which Egypt experienced food crisis. The political economy context on … from international to domestic prices. The complexity of food price policy issues and their entanglement with poverty …, agricultural, and economic policies in Egypt together with the structural aspects of the food subsidy policies are discussed and …

for Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia. We find growing trends of vulnerable employment, particularly for youth cohorts …. Especially in Egypt and Tunisia, children of poorer and lesseducated parents start out in vulnerable jobs and are unlikely to …

been strong, yet poverty remains high. Underlying the shortage of good livelihoods and high social inequality is the lack …