US, focusing on employment rates and income levels. First-wave Afghan refugees (those arriving 1980-90) have made … significant income and employment gains, while poverty rates and reliance on government assistance have decreased dramatically …/immigrant comparison groups. This is largely explained by lower employment levels, especially among less-educated Afghan women and highly …

that the refugee shock led to women being less likely to engage in employment outside the household and more likely to … refugee shock resulted in a higher likelihood of engaging in outside employment. On the other hand, higher exposure to the …

first isolate the outcomes of interest - income, employment status, household wealth based on both productive and non … less educated but also less likely to be rural than non-migrants. Return migrants find employment in higher earning …