Standardization was the scheme that replaced meritocracy in Sri Lanka education, with positive discrimination to … the island becoming an ethnocracy. While standardization was later discarded, its legacy continues thanks to the district … quota system it fostered and the inequalities it helped to cement between ethnic groups. Ultimately, standardization did not …

Prior to the introduction of mother tongue-based education in 1994, the language of instruction for most subjects in … Ethiopia's primary schools was the official language (Amharic) - the mother tongue of only one third of the population. This … the effects of language of instruction on reading skills and early labour market outcomes. The results indicate that the …

language in Zambia. We develop a theoretical framework, which is tested using data on elicited beliefs about the effects of … changes in Zambia's language policy on schooling outcomes, income, and social cohesion. In general, support for the use of … language compared to English, and economic expectations in terms of effects on income are important determinants of the …

basic materials for local-language teaching. We conclude that bilingual education has lost momentum in Mozambique. …