, employment, and productivity, many direct and indirect effects are at play. To ensure a transparent and systematic flow of the …

This paper compares two alternative growth paths, assessing the effects on productivity of specialisation in natural … exports either of natural resources or of technological products, and compare their role in productivity growth by GMM … estimation of a conditional convergence model. In general, reliance on natural resource exports slows growth, but we find that …

exchange, and so gains in productivity among agricultural households are critical to broader gains in welfare and reduced …

, their wholesale national gas markets are highly heterogeneous. We study the determinants of cross-country convergence of … pairwise, relative and σ-convergence. We show that there is evidence of pairwise price convergence and that some key … the existence of a convergence process. This result carries over to the notion of σ-convergence and is robust to a number …

and simulate energy intensity based on a conditional convergence approach, and show how based on the results the long …