This paper estimates rates of return across the gross wealth distribution in eight European countries. Like … differential saving rates, differential rates of return matter for Post Keynesian theory, because they impact the income and wealth … wealth differentiates between three socioeconomic groups: 30% are asset-poor, 65% are middle-class home owners, and the top 5 …

from housing price increases. The capital gains from bond price increases (relative to household net wealth) do not … correlate with household net wealth (or income). Bond price increases thus leave net wealth inequality largely unchanged. In … contrast, equity price increases largely benefit the top end of the net wealth (and income) distribution, thus amplify net …

well as at all levels of net wealth at a point in time. Gifts and inheritances are only an important source of income flows … extreme wealth inequality in society. …