presence of inequality, however, it deviates or refracts from the ideal condition. In this paper, I try to measure economic … inequality from the index of refraction. First, I compute such an index for each stratum to evaluate condition in each and then … add all to propose an overall measure of economic inequality, which appears to be a standardised measure of the length of …

Does the leader’s ethnicity affect the regional distribution of basic services such as education in Africa? Several … ethnicity of the president during their school-aged years gain more years of education. In this paper we revisit this empirical …